History of English Language free essay sample

History of the English language From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from History of English Language) Jump to: navigation, search English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic invaders from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The English language underwent extensive change in the Middle Ages. Written Old English of AD 1000 is similar in vocabulary and grammar to other old Germanic languages such as Old High German and Old Norse, and completely unintelligible to modern speakers, while the modern language is already largely recognisable in written Middle English of AD 1400. The transformation was caused by two further waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. We will write a custom essay sample on History of English Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A large proportion of the modern English vocabulary comes directly from Anglo-Norman. Close contact with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English. However, these changes had not reached South West England by the 9th century AD, where Old English was developed into a full-fledged literary language. The Norman invasion occurred in 1066, and when literary English rose anew in the 13th century, it was based on the speech of London, much closer to the centre of Scandinavian settlement.

Bio of Henry Kissinger, Diplomat and Intellectual

Bio of Henry Kissinger, Diplomat and Intellectual Henry A. Kissinger (born Heinz Alfred Kissinger) is a scholar, public intellectual and the worlds foremost- and one of the more controversial- statesmen and diplomats. He served on the administrations of two U.S. presidents, most notably Richard M Nixons, and advised several others, including John F. Kennedy and George W. Bush. Kissinger shared the 1973 Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts to negotiate an end to the Vietnam War. Fast Facts: Henry Kissinger Also Known As: Heinz Alfred KissingerKnown For: Secretary of the U.S. Department of State, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs  Born: May 27, 1923, in Fuerth, GermanyParents: Louis and Paula (Stern) KissingerSpouse: Ann Fleischer  (divorced); Nancy MaginnesChildren: Elizabeth and DavidEducation: Harvard College, B.A.; Harvard University, M.A. and Ph.D.Published Works: Diplomacy, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, The White House YearsKey Accomplishments: Winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize for Peace for his efforts to negotiate an end to the Vietnam War, the 1977 Presidential Medal of Freedom and the 1986 Medal of LibertyFamous Quote: â€Å"Corrupt politicians make the other ten percent look bad.†Ã‚  Fun Fact: Kissinger became an unlikely sex symbol and was known as a flirt, of sorts, in President Richard Nixons administration; he once noted: Power is the ultimate aphrodisiac. Fled Nazi German, Drafted by U.S. Military Kissinger was born on May 27, 1923, to Louis and Paula (Stern) Kissinger, Jews living in Nazi Germany. The family fled the country in 1938 amid state sanctioned anti-Semitism, just before the burning of Jewish synagogues, homes, schools and businesses in a deadly event that became known as Kristallnacht. The Kissingers, now refugees, settled in New York. Heinz Kissinger, a teenager at the time, worked in a factory making shaving brushes to support his poor family while also attending George Washington High School at night. He changed his name to Henry and became a U.S. citizen five years later, in 1943. He later enrolled in the City College of New York in hopes of becoming an accountant, but at age 19 he received a draft notice from the U.S. Army. He reported for basic training in February 1943 and eventually began work in counterintelligence with the Army Counter Intelligence Corps, where he served until 1946. A year later, in 1947, Kissinger enrolled at Harvard College. He graduated with his B.A. in political science in 1950, and went on to earn a masters degree from Harvard University in 1952 and a Ph.D. in 1954. He accepted positions in the prestigious Ivy League universitys Department of Government and its Center for International Affairs from 1954 to 1969. Marriage and Personal Life Kissingers first marriage was to Ann Fleischer, whom he had dated in high school and remained in touch with while he was in the Army. The marriage took place on February 6, 1949, while Kissinger was studying at Harvard College. The couple had two children, Elizabeth and David, and divorced in 1964. A decade later, on March 30, 1974, Kissinger married Nancy Sharon Maginnes, a philanthropist and former foreign policy staffer to Nelson A. Rockefellers Commission on Critical Choices for Americans. Career in Politics Kissingers professional career in politics began with Rockefeller during the early part of the wealthy Republicans tenure as governor of New York in the 1960s. Kissinger served as Rockefellers foreign policy adviser until he was tapped by Republican President Richard M. Nixon to be his national security adviser. Kissinger served in that capacity from January 1969 until early November 1975, simultaneously serving as secretary of the Department of State beginning in September 1973. Kissinger remained in the White House administration after Nixon resigned amid the Watergate scandal and Vice President Gerald Ford took over the presidency. Master of Practical Politics Kissingers legacy is as a master practitioner of realpolitik, a term used to mean the practical realities of politics, or a philosophy that is rooted in a nations strength instead of morality and world opinion. Among Kissingers most important diplomatic accomplishments are: The easing of tensions between two nuclear superpowers, the Soviet Union and the United States, during the  Cold War in the 1960s and 1970s. This cooldown was known as a â€Å"dà ©tente.† Kissinger and Nixon used the strategy to de-escalate the showdown between the countries, in turn winning arms reduction treaties. Kissinger is widely credited with easing Cold War tensions and preventing a third world war.Ending more than two decades of diplomatic estrangement between the United States and China leading to a 1972 meeting of Nixon and Mao Zedong, the infamous founder of the communist Peoples Republic of China. Kissinger had begun secret negotiations with Maos government in 1971 under the belief that the United States would benefit from a friendly relationship, further illustration of Kissingers belief in realpolitik, or practical politics.The Paris Peace Accords, signed in 1973 following secret negotiations between Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Le Duc Tho. The accords were meant to end the Vietnam War and did, in fact, lead to a temporary ceasefire and the end of U.S. involvement. Le Duc Tho had become increasingly concerned that his nation could become isolated if Kissingers and Nixons policy of dà ©tente built relations between the United States and its allies, the Soviet Union and China.   Kissingers shuttle diplomacy in 1974 during the Yom Kippur war among Israel, Egypt, and Syria, which resulted in disengagement agreements between the countries. Criticism of Kissinger Kissingers methods, particularly his apparent support of military dictatorships in South America, were not without criticism, however. The late public intellectual Christopher Hitchens called for Kissinger’s prosecution for war crimes, for crimes against humanity, and for offenses against common or customary or international law, including conspiracy to commit murder, kidnap, and torture.† The allegations of war crimes are rooted in Kissingers positioning of American foreign policy toward Argentina during its Dirty War. The countrys military forces secretly abducted, tortured and killed an estimated 30,000 people in the name of rooting out terrorism. Kissinger, the national security adviser and secretary of state, recommended the U.S. support the military by sending the country tens of millions of dollars and selling it aircraft. Records declassified decades later show Kissinger approved of the Dirty War, urging the Argentinian military to act swiftly less U.S. lawmakers get involved. Washington, Kissinger said, would not cause the dictatorship unnecessary difficulties. Sources Henry Kissinger – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018. Sat. 24 Nov 2018.  Henry A. (Heinz Alfred) Kissinger.  U.S. Department of State. Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.  Academy of Achievement.Henry A. Kissinger as Negotiator: Background and Key Accomplishments. Harvard Business School. James K. Sebenius, L. Alexander Green and Eugene B. Kogan. Nov. 24, 2014.

AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND CYBER SECURITY Thesis - 1

AN INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND CYBER SECURITY - Thesis Example Primarily, security is protection from danger. There are various types of security e.g., operation, communication and network security. While information system is made up of hardware, software, data, people, procedures and networks. According to the committee on National Security System, Information security is defined as the protection of information and its critical elements, including the system and hardware that use, store, and transit that information. It includes the broad areas of information security management, computer, data, and network security (Whitman & Mattord, 2012). There are three characteristics of information that gives it value to organization: availability, integrity and confidentiality. Therefore, these three elements have to be secured since they are vital to an organization. However the threats to the characteristics of information have evolved into a vast collection of events including accidental, intentional damage, theft, and unauthorized modification. He nce there is development of a more robust model of information security that addresses this threats ,the model consist of critical characteristics of information :availability,accuracy,authenticity , possession, integrity ,utility and confidentiality.Therefore,upper management drives a top-down and the traditional system development life cycle approach in order to implement security in organizations. Finally information security can also be described as both an art and science as it also comprises aspects of social science (Shimeall & Spring, 2014). Global perspective in security entails the dynamic security environment and its intrinsic challenges. It includes all the current issues in information security and how they can be managed.Idealy, there are six major aims of security and they are divided into six major categories. Table 1.1[1] There are various types of attacks that information security can come across. One of them is protocol stack, i.e fig 1.1[2]